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  This term was coined by Honeywell, USA in 1985. The first generation of instruments like flow meters were mechanical devices. The next generation used electronics for improving performance. With electronics, adjustment of range, span, zero adjustment etc. could be carried out with potentiometers. (i.e. ease of setting parameters was achieved) In some cases functions like linearization, annunciation (exceeding process limits) etc. were also integrated. With the help of 4-20mA transmitter, data transmission over longer distance was made easy. There was a considerable jump in technology in terms of improved accuracy, response, interface with operator, ease of adjustment of range and span. This was made possible with use of digital circuits, microcontrollers, ADC, DAC. Today we hear about not only Smart Transmitter/Instruments, but Smart Control Valves, Smart Machines like Microwave Ovens, Washing Machines etc. Digital Oscilloscope also can be categorized as Smart Oscilloscope. Most...

LCD Module in 4-bit Mode Circuit diagram. In many projects use is made of alphanumeric LCDs that are driven internally by Hitachi’s industry-standard HD44780 controller. These displays can be driven either in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In the first case only the high nibble (D4 to D7) of the display’s data bus is used. The four unused connections still deserve some closer attention. The data lines can be used as either inputs or outputs for the display. It is well known that an unloaded output is fine, but that a floating high-impedance input can cause problems. So what should you do with the four unused data lines when the display is used in 4-bit mode? This question arose when a circuit was submitted to us where D0-D3 where tied directly to GND (the same applies if it was to +5 V) to stop the problem of floating inputs. The LCD module was driven directly by a microcontroller, which was on a development board for testing various programs and I/O functions. There was a switch present for turnin...

This is the Simple 20W 1296Mhz Amplifier Module Circuit Diagram. This circuit Using a Mitsubishi M57762-amplifier module, this amplifier delivers 20-W output on 1296 MHz. A single 12-V nominal power supply can be used. Simple 20W 1296Mhz Amplifier Module Circuit Diagram

The majority of hand-held digital volt meters use an LCD screen and are powered from a nine volt battery. Inside is most probably an ICL7106 chip (or something compatible). This takes care of measuring the input and driving the LCD. This IC is very popular and can be found in other laboratory and homebrew equipment where it offers a simple solution for both measuring current/voltage and driving the display. So far so good, there is how-ever one feature of this device which needs careful consideration. The power supply to the chip (both the positive and negative connection) must not have any direct connection to either of the two measuring input terminals. It requires floating supplies. This is not a problem for battery powered equipment but needs more thought when the ICL7106 is fitted into mains powered equipment. Ground-free DVM Module Supply from 5 V Circuit Diagram : The simplest, most expensive solution is to use two independent power supplies in the equipment. A battery could...